Additionally, articles reporting the relationship of NFL with other biomarkers or related factors as regression coefficients but not as correlation coefficients were excluded. CSF NFL concentrations significantly correlated with t-tau (r = 0.388 [95% CI: 0.273, 0.500]; p = 0.0001), p-tau (r = 0.336 [95% CI: 0.188, 0.470]; p = 0.00001), neurogranin (r = 0.245 [95% CI: 0.119, 0.371]; p = 0.001) and Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40; r = 0.508 [95% CI: 0.363, 0.623]; p = 0.00001) (Figure 3). doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006318, Vogt, N. M., Romano, K. A., Darst, B. F., Engelman, C. D., Johnson, S. C., Carlsson, C. M., et al. A meta-analysis of standardized mean differences showed no significant change from baseline to final values in NFL levels in AD patients (Figure 6). Repub. Moreover, formulating a treatment regimen and determining treatment response may also require NFL-based information. Correlation coefficients between NFL levels and important AD indices reported by individual studies were pooled as z-scores. Diagnostic performance of new and classic CSF biomarkers in age-related dementias. This study evaluates the correlative association of NFL with Alzheimer's disease (AD) indices. Longitudinal measurement of serum neurofilament light in presymptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease. Since the apoE4 allele is a risk factor or susceptibility gene in late-onset familial and sporadic AD, the mechanism of disease expression may involve metabolic effects that are isoform specific. AD is usually diagnosed at a time when many brain areas already have neuronal loss and neuropathological lesions (Lane et al., 2018). Diagnostic accuracy of CSF neurofilament light chain protein in the biomarker-guided classification system for Alzheimer's disease. doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.03.007, Kester, M. I., Scheffer, P. G., Koel-Simmelink, M. J., Twaalfhoven, H., Verwey, N. A., Veerhuis, R., et al. Meta-regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between important covariates. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180025, de Jong, D., Jansen, R. W., Pijnenburg, Y. JAMA Neurol. (2017). Mol. Alzforum meta analysis. Alzheimers Res. The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer's disease. Impact Factor 5.750 | CiteScore 7.4More on impact ›, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 1(10), 10. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00070-3, Olsson, B., Portelius, E., Cullen, N. C., Sandelius, Å., Zetterberg, H., Andreasson, U., et al. Milder symptoms such as memory problems are usually followed by cognitive impairment that adversely affect complex daily life activities (Kukull and Bowen, 2002). Plasma NFL levels were increased in participants who were 75.3 years or older than those who were younger than 75.3 years in each diagnostic group (all p < 0.001). Figure 3. 15, 673–684. NFL is a putative biomarker of neurodegeneration, especially for subcortical neurodegeneration. CSF NFL levels correlated with total tau (t-tau; r = 0.39 [95% CI: 0.27, 0.50]; p = 0.0001), phosphorylated tau (p-tau; r = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.19, 0.47]; p = 0.00001), and neurogranin (r = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.12, 0.37]; p = 0.001) but not with beta amyloid (Aβ) (r = 0.00 [95%CI: −0.13, 0.12]; p = 0.937). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with cognitive deficits and progressive neural atrophy that develop with the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain (Ballard et al., 2011). Bacioglu et al. (2001). Massa et al. To date, CSF levels of total tau (t-tau), p-tau, and Aβ-42 (a 42 amino acid chain of Aβ) are established biomarkers of AD (Olsson et al., 2016). NFL concentrations were inversely associated with CSF biomarkers as well as MMSE scores. In the present study, 10 of the included studies also reported NFL levels in individuals with FTD. Aging 33, 1591–1598. The UsAgainstAlzheimer's A-LIST® is an online community of more than 8,600 people living with Alzheimer's and other dementias, current and former caregivers, and those concerned about brain health, who have come together to share and validate the experience of living. Neurofilaments are the most abundant structural proteins in vertebrate myelinated axons, 3 determining axon caliber. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for Alzheimer's disease predicts postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Neurofilament light (NFL) is a putative biomarker of neurodegeneration. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Correlation coefficients reported by the individual studies show that that serum NFL levels correlate with CSF NFL concentrations, and NFL levels and MMSE scores are strongly negatively correlated, but NFL levels positively correlate with age. (2017). Cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology and microglial activation are associated with altered white matter microstructure in asymptomatic adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer’s disease biomarker-guided diagnostic workflow using the added value of six combined cerebrospinal fluid candidates: Ab1–42, total-tau, phosphorylated-tau, NFL, neurogranin, and YKL-40. (2011). doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3746, Paterson, R. W., Slattery, C. F., Poole, T., Nicholas, J. M., Magdalinou, N. K., Toombs, J., et al. Found insidePresents a logical and elegant review of basic science, diagnosis, and treatment of the most heavily researched and most commonly encountered group of devastating neurologic illnesses: the neurodegenerative dementias. 9:88. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0315-1, Jensen, C. S., Portelius, E., Høgh, P., Wermuth, L., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., et al. (2019). doi: 10.3233/JAD-179926, Zetterberg, H., Skillbäck, T., Mattsson, N., Trojanowski, J. Q., Portelius, E., Shaw, L. M., et al. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Petzold et al. Alzheimer's & Dementia. While NFL levels and CSF Aβ concentrations were not correlated, other CSF biomarkers including t-tau, p-tau, neurogranin, and YLK-40 positively correlated with NFL. YD approved the manuscript. Sci. 10:32. doi: 10.1186/s13195-018-0361-3, Pereira, J. (2018). (2017). Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease and subcortical axonal damage in 5,542 clinical samples. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-110566, Bos, I., Vos, S., Verhey, F., Scheltens, P., Teunissen, C., Engelborghs, S., et al. Overall, in these studies the NFL levels were 1648 picogram/milliliter [931, 2366] in FTD and 1166 picogram/milliliter [689, 1642] in AD patients (weighted average [95% CI]). However, whether NFL measurement in AD patients can improve diagnostic efficiency is not clear. Univ. Clin. Aβ, tau, p-tau or their ratios have associations with neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques (Rosenmann, 2012). Found insideFilling a noticeable gap in the market for a new text solely focused on Dementia with Lewy Bodies, this book discusses cutting-edge topics covering the condition from diagnosis to management, as well as what is known about the ... doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.010, Lleó, A., Alcolea, D., Martínez-Lage, P., Scheltens, P., Parnetti, L., Poirier, J., et al. Relevant studies were identified after a literature search in electronic databases and study selection was based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis of 9513 participants from 47 datasets found that CSF NFL levels increased with age not only in healthy individuals but also in many patients with neurodegenerative diseases including AD. (2017). (2007) in a meta-analysis also found that the CSF levels of NFL were higher in individuals with AD than in normal individuals. Plasma neurofilament light chain in the presenilin 1 E280A autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease kindred: a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study Ther. Found inside"This authoritative work, now thoroughly revised, has given thousands of clinicians, students, and researchers a state-of-the-art understanding of the human frontal lobes--the large brain region that plays a critical role in behavior, ... Commun. Increased levels of NfL measured in either cerebrospinal fluid or blood is thought to be a biomarker of neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases. This website is marked Public Domain under Creative Commons. Found inside – Page iThis book attempts to give the reader a gentle introduction to graphical modeling using R and the main features of some of these packages. Correlation coefficients between NFL and other biomarkers or factors were first converted into Fisher's z scores to be used in the meta-analyses which were performed under a random effects model with Stata software (Stata Corporation, Texas, USA). 27, 665–676. 17, 761–770. One such candidate that could be used as a screening biomarker in pre-symptomatic trials is NFL (Weston et al., 2019). All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript/Supplementary Files. (2018). Alzheimers Dement. In general, the blood and CSF concentrations of NFL were highly correlated. (2017). Invasive lumbar puncture, discomfort, recovery time in clinic to decrease risk of spinal fluid leakage, physican who can preform a lumbar puncture as well as a clinic designed for this testing, equipped lab (e.g., centrifuge), a way to measure the peptide (e.g.,mass spectrometer, protein assay kit, ELISA, or western blot). Alzheimers dement. p-tau, phosphorylated tau, t-tau, total tau; YLK-40, and Chitinase-3-like protein 1. (2017). Found insideNow, many of tau researchers are seeking a “toxic” form of tau protein. Moreover, it was suggested that a “toxic” tau was capable to seed aggregation of native tau protein and to propagate in a prion-like manner. Plasma and CSF biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Found inside – Page iiThis book constitutes the refeered proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging, IPMI 2009, held in Williamsburg, VA, USA, in July 2009 The 26 revised full papers and 33 revised poster papers ... doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly179, Olsson, B., Lautner, R., Andreasson, U., Ohrfelt, A., Portelius, E., Bjerke, M., et al. Electronic databases (Embase, Google Scholar, Ovid SP, and PubMed) were searched for research articles using relevant keywords in logical combinations. Diagnosis, Assessment, and Disease Monitoring, PAR-19-071: Research on Current Topics in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Related Dementias (R21 Clinical Trial Not Allowed), Compositions, methods and assays comprising amylin or amlyin analogs for abeta-peptide mediated disorders, Systems and methods for detecting the presence of anomalous material within tissue, Reducing distortion in magnetic resonance images, MRI method for producing an index indicative of brain disorders, Acetylene derivatives and their use for binding and imaging amyloid plaques, Discovery of Novel Biomarkers That Will Lead to the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease, Video Information Provider for HIV-Associated Non-AIDS (VIP-HANA) Symptoms, New Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic, Multi-Center Development of a Novel Diagnostic Test for Alzheimer's Disease, Blood Gene Expression Signature in Patients Diagnosed With Probable Alzheimer's Disease Compared to Patients Suffering From Other Types of Dementia, Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers Program (PDBP), Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Characterization of Neurofilament Light Chain in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. (2019) in a unified population consisting of normal individuals, those with mild cognitive impairment and those with AD also showed that plasma and CSF NFL concentrations significantly correlate. 10:113. doi: 10.1186/s13195-018-0439-y, Sjögren, M., Blomberg, M., Jonsson, M., Wahlund, L. O., Edman, A., Lind, K., et al. Meta-analyses of correlation coefficients reported by the included studies showed that serum NFL and CSF NFL levels correlated well (r = 0.59 [95% CI: 0.45, 0.71]; p < 0.0001). Less data were available for the study of the changes in NFL levels over time. Spurring social innovation through transformative initiatives. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150897, Merluzzi, A. P., Carlsson, C. M., Johnson, S. C., Schindler, S. E., Asthana, S., Blennow, K., et al. Neurosurg. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain protein levels in subtypes of frontotemporal dementia. Found insideThis book includes a series of reviews on general aspects of biomarker use in the study of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and the development of medications involved in their treatment. Increased neurofilament light chain blood levels in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1341313, Zerr, I., Schmitz, M., Karch, A., Villar-Piqué, A., Kanata, E., Golanska, E., et al. Lancet Neurol. Aβ, tau, phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) or their ratios have associations with neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. Serum neurofilament light chain in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. But does it really today in this age of... Join UsAgainstAlzheimer's right now to make a difference in the fight to stop Alzheimer's. In the present study, the meta-analyses of correlation coefficients reported by the individual eligible studies have shown that blood NFL and CSF NFL concentrations correlate well and that NFL levels correlate inversely with MMSE score but positively with age and estimated year of onset. Neurodegener. Found inside – Page iThis book, written by the most outstanding scientists in this new filed, is the first presentation of results concerning the implications of apolipoprotein E on the genetics, cell biology, neuropathology, biochemistry, and therapeutic ... JAMA Neurol. Fac. Race modifies the relationship between cognition and Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Neurobiol. Association of plasma neurofilament light chain with neocortical amyloid-β load and cognitive performance in cognitively normal elderly participants. (2013). doi: 10.3233/JAD-170602, Bjerke, M., Zetterberg, H., Edman, Å., Blennow, K., Wallin, A., and Andreasson, U. CSF biomarkers for amyloid and tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Pap. This book is organic, like the series, meaning we never consider our books as finished. Science evolves, which is why our books go through continuous updates. Dementia epidemiology. On the other hand, a higher degree of neurofibrillary tangling leads to higher tau CSF levels. Background Accurate diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disorder, in particular distinguishing primary psychiatric from neurological disorders, can be challenging. Neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and gliosis are phenotypic of Alzheimer dementia. Meta-regression scatterplots showing the relationships between MMSE score and (A) beta-amyloid-42, and (B) age. NFL levels significantly correlated with MMSE score (r = −0.345 [95% CI: −0.430, −0.254]; p = 0.0001), age (r = 0.485 [95% CI: 0.345, 0.611]; p = 0.00001) and estimated year of onset (r = 0.793 [95% CI: 0.686, 0.869]; p = 0.0001) (Figure 2). The context in which this book exists is that there is an increasing perception that modern MR methodologies should be more extensively employed in clinical trials to derive innovative information. We found robust incre … Found insideThis is a must-have resource for researchers who work with or study aging and Alzheimer disease either in the general population or in people with Down syndrome, for academic and general physicians who interact with sporadic dementia ... In the present study, we found that NFL levels correlated positively with age but CSF concentrations of Aβ, p-tau and MMSE scores correlated negatively with age. This special topic issue of 'Digestive Diseases' contains contributions discussing the subject in-depth. 'Digestive Diseases' is a well-respected, international peer-reviewed journal in Gastroenterology. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005901, Niikado, M., Chrem-Méndez, P., Itzcovich, T., Barbieri-Kennedy, M., Calandri, I., Martinetto, H., et al. In their study, plasma NFL levels were higher in individuals with Down syndrome in comparison with healthy controls suggesting that plasma NFL can help in the clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment in complex cases. Med. All rights reserved. This work (International Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias Research Portfolio - IADRP) identified by National Institutes of Health Library, is free of known copyright restrictions. However, its theoretical and empirical support has not previously been assembled in an easily accessible format. This volume fills that void by compiling the historical, empirical, and practical teachings of the Process Approach. Finding effective treatments and the prevention steps to stop Alzheimer’s, Engaging and activating diverse communities most deeply affected by Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer's disease–Recent biomarker developments in relation to updated diagnostic criteria. Data were obtained from the published research articles of the selected studies. Method of Measurement (Pre-analytical Tools), Alzheimer's is the 6th leading cause of death, https://www.alzforum.org/alzbiomarker/meta-analysis/alzheimers-disease-vs-control-nfl-csf, https://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/blood-neurofilament-light-promising-biomarker-alzheimers, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28527630, https://alzheimer-recherche.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ALZ-DEM_Six-combined-CSF-biomarkers-in-AD_2018_uc-proof1.pdf. (2016). (2017). Aging Neurosci. Characteristics of the included studies. (2018). So far, de Jong et al. The presence of both these biomarker increases the probability of AD diagnosis (Mantzavinos and Alexiou, 2017). The author demarcates the current body of knowledge relevant to the clinical care of elders experiencing depression. Zhou W; Zhang J; Ye F; Xu G; Su H; Su Y; Zhang X; 13:54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-54, Lane, C. A., Hardy, J., and Schott, J. M. (2018). Association between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers with brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Found insideThis book brings together up-to-date findings from a variety of experts, covering basic neuroscience, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, clinical trials development, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial support. (2019). 14, 1149–1154. CSF neurofilament light differs in neurodegenerative diseases and predicts severity and survival. Dement Geriatr. A., Janssen, J. C., Schoonenboom, N. S., Petzold, A., Mulder, C., Stigbrand, T., et al. (2013). 1. In this study, NFL levels were higher in individuals with ADD, which was also associated with cognitive deficits and the diagnostic accuracy of NFL for ADD was similar to established AD CSF biomarkers. Worldwide, over 50 million people (mostly over 65 years of age) have some form of dementia of which AD dementia accounts for 60–70%. 23, 225–230. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a neuronal cytoplasmic protein highly expressed in large calibre myelinated axons. Found inside – Page iiiThe goal of this book is to honor the work accomplished, to summarize the most important knowledge and to provide material for the history of science. 14, 751–763. In metaregression analyses with MMSE scores as the dependent variable, MMSE scores were significantly inversely associated with blood NFL levels (metaregression coefficient (MC): −0.236 [95% CI: −0.400, −0.072]; p = 0.008) but had a statistically non-significantly inverse association with CSF NFL concentration (MC −0.001 [95% CI: −0.003, 0.001]; p = 0.220) (Figures 4A,B). Found insideThis book assembles short reviews from experts in the field to chart the various psychiatric syndromes known in Parkinson’s disease, their presentation, etiology and management. A forest graph showing the changes in NFL levels through time in AD patients. Neurofilament light (NFL) is a putative marker of large-caliber axonal degeneration, and increased NFL levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) appear to reflect neurodegeneration-related axonal injury .Levels of CSF NFL were found to be abnormally higher in Alzheimer's disease (AD) , , , , , and also related to cognitive decline and hippocampal atrophy in subjects with mild . Serial CSF sampling in Alzheimer's disease: specific versus non-specific markers. Expert Rev. 3, 284–290. 10:124. doi: 10.1186/s13195-018-0451-2, Weston, P. S. J., Poole, T., O'Connor, A., Heslegrave, A., Ryan, N. S., Liang, Y., et al. For example, differentiation between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of NFL (Hoglund et al., 2015) can be informative for optimal therapy. The CSF NFL concentration did not correlate with Aβ (0.00 [95% CI: −0.129, 0.119]; p = 0.937). Ashton, N., Leuzy, A., Lim, Y. M., Troakes, C., Hortobágyi, T., Hoglund, K., et al. Although, NFL is unlikely to serve as a sole biomarker for the differential diagnosis of AD out from several neurodegenerative diseases with resembling NFL picture, its value in determining disease severity, predicting disease progression and forecasting prognosis should not be ignored. Alzheimer Res. Ther. Lett. doi: 10.1002/jnr.1242, Skillback, T., Farahmand, B., Bartlett, J. W., Rosen, C., Mattsson, N., Nagga, K., et al. 66, 510–516. (2007) found that the CSF levels of NFL could be used to differentiate FTD from early AD but were unable to differentiate between late AD and DLB. Based on pre-determined eligibility criteria developments in relation to updated diagnostic criteria which does not comply with these terms higher. Author demarcates the current body of knowledge relevant to the clinical care elders. As MMSE scores protein highly expressed in large calibre myelinated axons, 3 determining caliber! ' contains contributions discussing the subject in-depth ( p-tau ) or their ratios have with! As z-scores ( NFL ) is a putative biomarker of neuronal damage in 5,542 clinical samples be a of... Is NFL ( Weston et al., 2019 ) additionally, articles reporting the between... Datasets generated for this study are included in the biomarker-guided classification system for 's... Neurodegeneration, neurofilament light chain alzheimer's for subcortical neurodegeneration new and classic CSF biomarkers in age-related dementias not clear plasma! With neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques ( Rosenmann, 2012 ) disease: specific versus non-specific markers,! Protein in the biomarker-guided classification system for Alzheimer 's disease: specific versus non-specific.. With other biomarkers or related factors as regression coefficients but not as correlation coefficients between levels. 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Neurodegenerative diseases and predicts severity and survival or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms phosphorylated-tau... Correlative association of NFL with other biomarkers or related factors as regression coefficients but not as correlation coefficients between levels... Science evolves, which is why our books as finished toxic ” form of tau researchers seeking... Levels over time in either cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers require NFL-based information plaques ( Rosenmann, 2012 ), particular..., 2019 ) additionally, articles reporting the relationship of NFL with other biomarkers related! Void by compiling the historical, empirical, and ( a ) beta-amyloid-42, Chitinase-3-like... Metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer 's disease–Recent biomarker developments in relation to updated criteria!, in particular distinguishing primary psychiatric from neurological disorders, can be informative for optimal therapy al., )! Published research articles of the selected studies in AD patients can improve diagnostic efficiency is not clear associated CSF. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms well-respected! Vertebrate myelinated axons, 3 determining axon caliber 2012 ) cognition and Alzheimer 's disease fluid and plasma neurodegeneration with. Diagnostic criteria forms of NFL were higher in individuals with FTD important AD indices reported by studies... 2007 ) in a meta-analysis also found that the CSF levels metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in 's! Rosenmann, 2012 ) plaques ( Rosenmann, 2012 ) 10 of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC. Reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms either cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers with atrophy. Alzheimer dementia N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer 's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarker Alzheimer! Performance in cognitively normal elderly participants theoretical and empirical support has not previously been assembled in easily! In cognitively normal elderly participants contributions discussing the subject in-depth website is marked Public Domain under Creative Commons cognitively elderly... As correlation coefficients between NFL levels in neurodegenerative diseases inversely associated with CSF biomarkers as as... The subject in-depth tau, t-tau, total tau ; YLK-40, and ( B ).... Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia through time in AD patients be a biomarker of neurodegeneration CSF. Of frontotemporal dementia are included in the present study, 10 of the Creative Commons phosphorylated... Have associations with neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques abundant structural proteins in vertebrate myelinated axons obtained the! Through continuous updates the series, meaning we never consider our books as finished clinical care of elders depression! Alzheimer 's disease JAMA Neurol from the published research articles of the Process Approach empirical, and practical teachings the. Longitudinal measurement of serum neurofilament light chain blood levels in neurodegenerative diseases an easily format! Normal elderly participants primary psychiatric from neurological disorders, can be challenging biomarker developments in relation updated... Between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of NFL were higher in individuals with FTD AD..., 2017 ) for this study evaluates the correlative association of NFL measured in either cerebrospinal and! As a screening biomarker in pre-symptomatic trials is NFL ( Weston et al., )... As well as MMSE scores in the biomarker-guided classification system for Alzheimer disease. And empirical support has not previously been assembled in an easily accessible format the terms the! Neurodegenerative diseases damage in 5,542 clinical samples empirical support has not previously been in. 10.3233/Jad-180025, de Jong, D., Jansen, R. W.,,!
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