doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsy067, Brunner, D., Frank, J., Appl, H., Schöffl, H., Pfaller, W., and Gstraunthaler, G. (2010). Life cycle assessments generally standardize the warming potential of different GHGs (including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), usually over a 100-year period. Agricul. This review explores key public health, environmental, animal welfare, economic, and policy implications related to the production and consumption of plant-based meat substitutes and cell-based meats, and how they compare to those associated with farmed meat production. (2015b). 25, 24–35. Besides cultured meat, the terms healthy meat, slaughter-free meat, in vitro meat, vat-grown meat, lab-grown meat, cell-based meat, clean meat, cultivated meat and synthetic meat have been used to describe the product.. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US meat and poultry. The use of fetal bovine serum: ethical or scientific problem? In contrast to the health concerns associated with red and processed meat consumption, regular consumption of seafood—particularly “oily” fish and certain mollusks rich in omega-3 fatty acids—has been associated with many health benefits, including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in adults and improved cognitive development during gestation and infancy (Mozaffarian and Rimm, 2006). The hypothetical GHG footprint of cell-based meat varied significantly more than that of plant-based substitutes, from 0.9 to 36.3 kg CO2e/100 g protein (median: 5.6 kg CO2e/100 g protein). Gcb Bioenergy 8, 81–95. Food Ingredients First is the go-to source for industry coverage on food and beverage innovations, ingredients applications and market trends. Animals in many cases are subject to painful bodily alterations (e.g., debeaking, dehorning, castration), often without pain relief [Pew Commission on Industrial Animal Farm Production (PCIAFP), 2008]. Yet while this type of cell-based meat production might be good for the animals and better for the planet, is it actually healthy? Pathogens of animal origin can enter the food supply via multiple pathways, such as if manure is transported via runoff onto nearby produce fields or contaminates water sources used for irrigation (Solomon et al., 2002; Erickson and Doyle, 2012). Nutr. In doing so, we highlight the complexity of the issues at hand and the need for cautionary approaches to the rapid adoption of these products. Given the limitations of existing research, it is of critical importance that ongoing, independent, and comprehensive multi-product environmental analyses are conducted as the technologies and commercial operations for meat alternatives develop and scale (Mattick et al., 2015a). Four in 10 Americans Have Eaten Plant-Based Meats. Found insideCell-based meat has become the industry-preferred term for products made from ... plant-based and cell-based seafood products that compete on taste, price, ... J. Agric. 121, 92–96. From an animal welfare perspective, if meat alternatives replace even a small share of farmed meat production, this could substantially reduce the number of animals raised and killed for human protein consumption, demonstrating the ethical appeal of these products. In this Review, the authors consider plant-based and ⦠BMC Med. What are the prospects for using seaweed in human nutrition and for marine animals raised through aquaculture? Altern. Fake Meat Vs. Real Meat. Formal Agreement Between FDA and USDA regarding Oversight of Human Food Produced using Animal Cell Technology Derived from Cell Lines of USDA-Amenable Species. ⦠Am. 2 days ago. The first-ever cell-based meat facility is about to land in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), after a partnership was forged between Eat Just and Doha Venture Capital (DVC) and Qatar Free Zones Authority (QFZA). doi: 10.1007/s11367-015-0931-6, Solomon, E. B., Yaron, S., and Matthews, K. R. (2002). An analysis of culture medium costs and production volumes for cell-based meat. What is artificial meat and what does it mean for the future of the meat industry? These comparisons are skewed, however, by the fact that the values for less-processed plant proteins reflect global averages that include data from low-yielding countries (Poore and Nemecek, 2018), whereas the LCAs for plant-based substitutes likely assumed ingredients were sourced from more efficient production systems in industrialized countries. The potential inputs, processes, and final product(s) to be marketed and consumed as cell-based meats, and how these stages correspond to key implications explored in this paper. Drovers. Res. Impossible Foods has reported that the heme in its beef substitute is comparable in amount and, once cooked and digested, identical molecularly to that found in farmed beef [GRAS Notice (GRN) No. Impossible, Fake Blood At UC Berkeley. The map is based on geotagged data from Twitter. A Consumer Survey on Plant Alternatives to Animal Meat. Nomenclature. These products may soon be joined by “cell-based meats” (also referred to as “cultured meat,” “in-vitro meat,” “lab-grown meat,” “cellular meat,” “cultivated meat,” or “clean meat”) grown from animal stem cells using tissue engineering techniques, which currently remain for the most part in the prototype stage of development. Curr. The $280,000 Lab-Grown Burger Could Be a More Palatable $10 in Two Years. (2013). (2016). Consumer perception and behaviour regarding sustainable protein consumption: a systematic review. doi: 10.1177/026119290203000208, Johnson, K. M., and Lichter, D. T. (2019). doi: 10.1093/cid/cir181, Weingarten, D. (2018). The estimated land required to produce the ingredients for cell-based meat varied widely (0.1–11.5 m2 per year per 100 g protein; median: 0.6), depending largely on the choice of feedstock and inputs for the cell cultivation. JAMA 322, 1547–1548. It has chosen Singapore as its Asian hub, partnering with investment firm Proterra to build the city-state’s largest facility of its kind, which is likely to manufacture both its cultured Good Meat line and its JUST Egg range of vegan products. Malodor as a trigger of stress and negative mood in neighbors of industrial hog operations. Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture. Legumes for feed, food, biomaterials and bioenergy in Europe: a review. 737 (2017). Change 17, 367–377. Int. As one journalist states: “Farmfree food will allow us to hand back vast areas of land and sea to nature, permitting rewilding and carbon drawdown on a massive scale. One think tank estimates that demand for beef and dairy products in the U.S. will shrink by 80–90% by 2035, driven largely by a projection that the cost of “modern protein foods” (including certain plant-based substitutes and cell-based meats) will be five times cheaper than existing animal proteins (Tubb and Seba, 2019). The New Food Economy. The toilet on SpaceXâs all-civilian flight malfunctioned on the journey, setting off an alarm midway through the voyage, it has now been revealed.. For example, despite consumer perceptions of coconut oil as a health-promoting food, evidence of its health benefits is lacking, though more robust research is merited (Lockyer and Stanner, 2016). The median land use footprint of plant-based substitutes was 41, 77, 82, 89, and 98% smaller than that of farmed fish, poultry meat, pig meat, beef from dairy herds, and beef from beef herds, respectively, per 100 grams protein (Figure 4; see Supplementary Data). Many large coconut plantations in Thailand rely on monkeys, either stolen from the wild or bred on farm to harvest the coconuts. Environ. Soy protein isolates (containing >90% soy protein) or concentrates (70–90% soy protein), for instance, are primary ingredients in many plant-based substitutes (Malav et al., 2015). 140, 766–783. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.397-400.2002, Specht, E. A., Welch, D. R., Clayton, E. M. R., and Lagally, C. D. (2018). QFZA says the investment will strengthen Qatar’s position on the regional and global stage as a leader in disruptive technologies. Nevertheless, we include those studies' results, since it is the most detailed information about the potential inputs and implications of cell-based meat production. 89, 5–11. Science 360, 987–992. While plant-based protein is the most commercially mature of the three alternative protein production platforms, it is arguably much less developed in terms of basic R&D. No information is currently available on the extraction of cells from fish or shellfish to make cell-based seafood, such as whether they will come from wild or farmed fish, dead or alive. Toxic Chemicals: Banned in Organics but Common in “Natural Food Production: Soy Protein and Chemical Solvents in Nutrition Bars and Meat Alternatives. Lab-grown food will soon destroy farming – and save the planet. The safety of carrageenan has long been debated, with attention being focused on its potential to elicit gastrointestinal inflammation, alterations to intestinal microflora, and other related outcomes such as irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer (Bixler, 2017; David et al., 2018). Cultured meat from muscle stem cells: a review of challenges and prospects. Available online at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/mono112.pdf, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2018). Specht, L. 2019. Trends Food Sci. Animal-free meat biofabrication. spacer Jeffery Epstein is a lowlife scumbag, and I donât really care if he killed himself, was murdered by his clients or is still alive under witness protection. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.055, Jochems, C. E. A., Van Der Valk, J. For data sources and individual product footprints, see Supplementary Data. Coconut oil–a nutty idea? As highlighted in Table S3, many popular plant-based substitutes are derived from legumes, which in addition to their food value, are noted for their ability to improve soil fertility through fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is usable by plants (Voisin et al., 2014). Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women. For example, methane remains in the atmosphere for a shorter period but has a more potent warming effect than carbon dioxide. J. Seafood alternatives are also being developed to address concerns about the depletion of many of the world's wild fisheries [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2014] and the environmental impacts and constraints associated with many forms of farmed fish (i.e., aquaculture) production (Fry et al., 2016). Available online at: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hulr50&div=34&id=&page=, Semba, R. D. (2016). We EMPOWER. Available online at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/business/impossible-burger-food-meat.html, Tang, J., Wan, Y., Zhao, M., Zhong, H., Zheng, J. S., and Feng, F. (2020). At the same time, the role of shifting toward more diverse, unprocessed whole foods (including pulses) while providing economic support for more agroecological producers—more than just substituting processed foods within otherwise unhealthy dietary patterns and inequitable supply chains—should not be overlooked. Over a 100-year time frame, for example, the GHG footprint of cell-based meat was found to be between 51 and 97% smaller compared to conventional beef produced in the Midwest U.S., whereas it was between 92% smaller to 9% larger using a 500-year time frame (Lynch and Pierrehumbert, 2019). 110, 20882–20887. Environ. (2019). Found inside â Page 2There might even be some of the so - called cell - based meats that reside in the murky waters of confused identity - are they vegan or vegetarian if made ... Crisis and Opportunity: Sustainability in American Agriculture. Bull. doi: 10.5958/2277-9396.2016.00001.5, Kadim, I. T., Mahgoub, O., Baqir, S., Faye, B., and Purchas, R. (2015). Med. The inputs represent a compilation of ingredients included in plant-based substitutes; most products do not contain all of these ingredients at once. 1. Given the level of uncertainty regarding the specific laboratory processes and regulatory landscape that will emerge for cell-based meat production (see Regulatory Oversight of Cell-Based Meat), occupational health and safety implications for cell-based meat workers remain unclear. Cancer Epidemiol. Technol. PLoS ONE 11:e0159668. She is devoted to helping educate and raise awareness about sustainable businesses, healthier and waste-free lifestyles, and other ways we can collectively build a better food system. At the same time, although consumer desires for “clean labels” have prompted concerns about the use of certain binding agents and gums in plant-based substitutes, research has shown methylcellulose and guar gum to have similar cholesterol and glucose-lowering effects as other dietary fibers (Mudgil et al., 2014; Kuczora, 2015; Bohrer, 2019). Related tags: cultivated meat, cell-based, South africa, Food security South Africaâs Mzansi Meat Co. is on a mission to improve food security, all while bringing subsistence farmersâ into the formal economy, through its production of cultivated local delicacies. Public Health 16:4849. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16234849, David, S., Shani Levi, C., Fahoum, L., Ungar, Y., Meyron-Holtz, E. G., Shpigelman, A., et al. The carrageenan controversy. Rome. Eur. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134/full#supplementary-material. Anaphylaxis to hidden pea protein: a Canadian pediatric case series. These concerns are heightened by the potential presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens on meat (Waters et al., 2011), a hazard linked to the misuse of antibiotics in industrial food animal production (Silbergeld et al., 2008; Haskell et al., 2018). Land use per 100 g protein. Further research is needed to determine whether plant-based substitutes are replacing processed or unprocessed foods in people's diets, and if they can ultimately lead to healthier dietary patterns. The company that grew out of that project, Mosa Meat, is now speeding toward market release of cell-based beef. Comparisons which modeled conventional livestock feeds (Alexander et al., 2017) or soy and corn-derived inputs (Mattick et al., 2015b) as the nutrients for the cell culture medium found that the land use requirements for cell-based meat were comparable to those of poultry when comparing based on protein content. High levels of heme iron intake from red and processed meat consumption have been associated with elevated risk for type 2 diabetes (Bao et al., 2012), cardiovascular disease (Fang et al., 2015), colorectal cancer (Bastide et al., 2011; Fonseca-Nunes et al., 2014; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2018) and lung cancer (Tasevska et al., 2009; Fonseca-Nunes et al., 2014). Individuals allergic to peanuts and soy may also experience reactions to pea and lupin protein, though this is rare (Lavine and Ben-Shoshan, 2019). Agric. Grazed and Confused? J. 536, 419–431. (2018). Available online at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10947/5, Gstraunthaler, G., Toni, L., and van der Valk, J. Food Syst., 4 (2020), p. While some commentators have raised concerns about the process and decision (Storm, 2017; Lefferts, 2019), others find it sufficient to suggest that soy leghemoglobin is unlikely to pose a risk for consumers (Clinton, 2017; Johnson, 2017), though, to our knowledge, this has yet to be assessed in the academic literature. Microbiol. Located in the Umm Alhoul Free Zone, the new factory will produce Eat Just’s cultured chicken, which won the race as the world’s first-to-market cell-based meat, suggesting forthcoming regulatory approval in the region. That said, there is not enough seafood available globally for everyone to consume at the recommended levels to reap the noted health benefits, even accounting for the growth of aquaculture (Thurstan and Roberts, 2014). 84, 3–27. Nat. In vitro meat: space travel, cannibalism, and federal regulation. Whichever is the truth, the bottom line is he has escaped justice, and we will never get the whole truth. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available online at: https://www.farmaid.org/blog/fact-sheet/looming-crisis-american-farms/, Haskell, K. J., Schriever, S. R., Fonoimoana, K. D., Haws, B., Hair, B. doi: 10.14573/altex.1705101, van der Weele, C., and Driessen, C. (2013). Morningstar Farms is Making the Transition From Vegetarian to Vegan. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736Z, Martin, G., Barth, K., Benoit, M., Brock, C., Destruel, M., Dumont, B., et al. Available online at: https://news.gallup.com/poll/282989/four-americans-eaten-plant-based-meats.aspx, Messina, M., and Messina, V. (2010). United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Through it, aspiring chefs and students are encouraged to create the best dishes for the Asian market using plant-based ingredients. (2001). âIt is, however, possible for plant based or cell based proteins to place the image of a lamb or the word âlambâ on the label, done intentionally to ⦠Allergy Clin. The minimum and maximum values of the range were derived from individual product footprints. 7, 2070–2071. Although these estimates are speculative, and not necessarily supported by other industry experts, they emphasize the disruptive potential of meat alternatives on the animal agriculture sector. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008, Hansen, M. (2018). A rapidly growing number of companies are also aspiring to produce cell-based meats that are not only viscerally equivalent but also “biologically equivalent” to farmed meat through cultivation of animal cells (Stephens et al., 2018). 5, 107–119. Climate impacts of cultured meat and beef cattle. Cultured meat facility. Food Sci. Report by Linda Lobao Department of Sociology, University of North Dakota. Found insideThis is the story of a group of seven vegans quietly working to solve one the most pressing issues we face today, creating the biggest upheaval to the food business in decades along the way. Between 1 April 2018 and 31 March 2019 the big four banks ⦠A new map from vegan recipe site Vegan in the Freezer displays which of the big two alt-meat companies â Beyond and Impossible â each US state prefers. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904, Simpson, A. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12242, Alexander, P., Brown, C., Arneth, A., Dias, C., Finnigan, J., Moran, D., et al. Transmission of zoonotic diseases may decline if cell-based meat production reduced human-livestock interactions (Bhat and Bhat, 2011; Arshad et al., 2017), though more research on this potential is merited. (2019). Potential to curb the environmental burdens of American beef consumption using a novel plant-based beef substitute. Jenn Marston is a writer and editor covering technology’s impact on food and agriculture systems and their surrounding communities. Available online at: https://civileats.com/2018/04/02/your-pea-protein-primer/, Horton, R. A., Wing, S., Marshall, S. W., and Brownley, K. A. A nascent body of exploratory literature suggests that the consumption of certain compounds in animal foods (e.g., L-carnitine, found primarily in red meat) may promote the growth of intestinal microbiota that produce metabolites associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease (Koeth et al., 2013, 2019). Available online at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL (accessed March 17, 2020). (2017). Found insidedebut their first product, a cell-based fish paste, by late 2019. ... The recent success of plant-based meat products is also helping to pave the way for ... Found inside â Page 288... demands moving beyond a chemicalcentric focus to consider the cumulative ... plant-based meat alternatives, cell-based meats) are examples of novel ... Making sense of making meat: key moments in the first 20 years of tissue engineering muscle to make food. A critique of biotechnological routes to animal liberation. Many of the implications listed here are applicable to multiple stages, e.g., GHG emissions occur in the production of inputs, processing, and retail/consumer stages; however, we listed each implication only with the stage to which it is most relevant or has the greatest potential impact. Although promoted for their capacity to avoid or reduce the environmental, animal welfare, and, in some cases, public health problems associated with farmed meat production and consumption, little research has critically evaluated the broader potential public health and food systems implications associated with meat alternatives. The median land use footprint of plant-based substitutes was 32, 52, and 75% smaller than that of tofu, peas and other pulses, respectively. Found inside â Page 52blend plant-based proteins into ground meat products. ... He goes so far as to call cell-based meat âone of the stupidest ideas ever expressed. Key risk factors affecting farmers' mental health: a systematic review. To address this gap, this review explores the potential public health, environmental, animal welfare, economic, and policy implications associated with the production and consumption of plant-based substitutes and cell-based meats, and how they compare to those associated with farmed meat. 333, 276–282. Beyond vs. Sustain. Ecological Hoofprint: The Global Burden of Industrial Livestock. (2014). Rev. Available online at: https://www.cornucopia.org/hexane-guides/nvo_hexane_report.pdf, van der Valk, J., Bieback, K., Buta, C., Cochrane, B., Dirks, W. G., Fu, J., et al. Connect with certified organic suppliers and source bulk ingredients, private label products and organic retail ready brands. Will insects, lab-grown meat replace traditional farmed meat? A., Org, E., Sheehy, B. T., et al. (2013). Between 2016 and 2019, clean meat gained traction.The Good Food Institute (GFI) coined the term in 2016, and in late 2018, the institute published ⦠Cultured meat facility. Many food ingredient approval processes established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are voluntary and industry-led. Nutr. Besides cultured meat, the terms healthy meat, slaughter-free meat, in vitro meat, vat-grown meat, lab-grown meat, cell-based meat, clean meat, cultivated meat and synthetic meat have been used to describe the product.. (2018). For cell-based meat, plant-based substitutes, and insects, the mean and median were calculated using the mean value from each individual study (n) to avoid over-representing results from studies that included more products than other studies. The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets. Founded by serial entrepreneur Sonalie Figueiras in 2011, Green Queen is an award-winning sustainability & impact media platform advocating for social & environmental change in Asia. Available online at: https://www.gfi.org/plant-based-meat-will-be-less-expensive, Springmann, M., Godfray, H. C., Rayner, M., and Scarborough, P. (2016). Some propose that if cell-based meat were produced under sterile conditions, it could reduce the incidence of foodborne illness (Bhat and Bhat, 2011). Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the AHA. Stateline.Org. We would like to show you a description here but the site wonât allow us. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.03.006, Lefferts, L. Y. It is the primary factor leading to weakness and frailty in ⦠Environ. Towards this goal the company is developing a suite of advanced manufacturing technologies to produce cell-based alternative protein products. J. Clin. Government policies to reduce obesity: suggestions for action; How many extra calories cause weight gain? Biochem. Impossible: New data shows US consumer preferences by state. Thus, the agencies' capacities to oversee these new industries may be limited by funding and personnel constraints, unless Congress authorizes additional funding for them. Although cell-based meat production was initially developed by university-based researchers and in a few cases (e.g., Singapore Food Agency, 2020) driven by public-private investments, it is now primarily driven by venture-capital backed companies, some of which have received investment from large meat processing companies (Stephens et al., 2019). See Supplementary Materials and Data for details. Am. Agron. The following section explores how current trends in the development and production of meat alternatives may affect industry consolidation; consumer prices; and the economic well-being of small and mid-sized producers, rural communities, and less industrialized countries. (2018). RS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. J. Environ. Meat alternatives: cell-based; Should dogs eat pea and lentil proteins? Found insidePlant-based meat alternatives also are 'cell-based' insofar as both plants and animals contain cells. The term does little to meaningfully differentiate or ... doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.138, Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D'Antonio, C., Dobson, A., Howarth, R., et al. Some of these debates stem from limitations in the existing regulatory framework around food production, inspection, and marketing, and are not unique to meat alternatives; however, critics have highlighted their importance in the context of these products. Unravelling the Food–Health Nexus: Addressing Practices, Political Economy, and Power Relations to Build Healthier Food Systems. Found insideSeafood Alternatives Parallel to the market for dairy, beef, pork and chicken substitutes, there is rising interest in plant and cellular-based seafood to ... Making value out of ethics: the emerging economic geography of lab-grown meat and other animal-free food products. We INSPIRE. Immunol. Rev. FDA-2018-N-2155. Life cycle environmental consequences of grass-fed and dairy beef production systems in the Northeastern United States. Impossible: New data shows US consumer preferences by state. For cell-based meat, plant-based substitutes, insects, and wild tuna, the mean and median were calculated using the mean value from each individual study (n) to avoid over-representing results from studies that included more products than other studies. American lobster prices remain extremely high. One area of focus for Bits x Bites is protein alternatives and cell-based meat. Meat alternatives are often promoted as a means of mitigating the environmental, animal welfare, and, in some cases, public health problems associated with farmed meat production and consumption while appealing to mainstream consumers through existing supply chains. Compared to farmed pork, poultry, eggs, and some types of seafood, the environmental benefits of meat alternatives are generally less pronounced (in the case of plant-based substitutes) or potentially non-existent (in the case of cell-based meat), a nuance that should be more transparent in discussions around meat alternatives. Similarly, seafood substitutes could theoretically be fortified with omega-3 fatty acids, but it is unknown whether doing so would provide comparable health benefits to eating whole unprocessed fish. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.026, Zhang, X., Shu, X. O., Li, H., Yang, G., Li, Q., Gao, Y. T., et al. Consumer advocacy organizations are similarly concerned about the GRAS process in the context of cell-based meat (Hansen, 2018). (2009). Re-defining efficiency of feed use by livestock. Howard, P. H. (2016). Of the 2.5 billion ha devoted to livestock production, 1.3 billion ha are non-arable grasslands (Mottet et al., 2017). Rural depopulation: growth and decline processes over the past century. On the other hand, the potential for plant-based substitute and cell-based meat production to create new jobs in urban areas and in locations that do not have large agricultural workforces (e.g., Singapore) and in STEM fields in both the public and private sector is also worth analyzing. Data for all other foods are from Poore and Nemecek (2018); for these n represents the number of observations. Appl. Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the US–the first sixteen years. Aleph Farms, an Israeli startup, has 3D printed a cellular ribeye steak. In the first example, unfertilized eggs are obtained from a female animal and then fertilized by sperm in a petri dish (similar to in vitro fertilization) (Welin, 2013). Cultivated meat is that grown from animal cells in the lab, or eventually a factory. Sally has a background in Politics and International Relations from her studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Available online at: https://impossiblefoods.com/mission/ (accessed March 30, 2020). Based on our review of the available literature (Figure 5), per 100 grams protein, the median blue water footprint of plant-based substitutes was 21 and 42% smaller than those of pulses and soy; 76, 77, and 89% smaller than those of farmed poultry meat, bovine meat, and pig meat; and two orders of magnitude smaller than those of aquatic animals raised in ponds, e.g., farmed shrimp and tilapia. Organizations are similarly concerned about the GRAS process in the Northeastern United States Messina V.. 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( 2002 ) and production volumes cell-based.: cell-based ; Should dogs eat pea and lentil proteins Build Healthier food systems for a shorter period has! Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) are voluntary and industry-led the global Burden of industrial operations... Cultivated meat is that grown from Animal cells in the Northeastern United States insects... Practices, Political Economy, and we will never get the whole.. Environmental consequences of grass-fed and dairy beef production systems in the lab, or eventually factory... A trigger of stress and negative mood in neighbors of industrial hog operations weight gain: inpatient... The US food and beverage innovations, ingredients applications and market trends legumes for feed food! Market trends applications and market trends it mean for the future of the 2.5 billion ha non-arable. //Impossiblefoods.Com/Mission/ ( accessed March 17, 2020 ) M., and Messina V.! 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