The response scale we commonly see today (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree) is a close version of Likert's original scale (Strongly Disapprove, Disapprove, Undecided, Approve . The bold face sets are the most popular. A typical five-point scale may include answers: strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree. Diversity Advocates are passionate about creating an inclusive and welcoming campus community. This form of rating scale is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert. A Likert template example would range from typical multiple-choice options which may include Strongly Agree, Agree, No opinion, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. I have benefitted immensely from the knowledge shared by you, may God continue to bless you with deeper insight statistically. Ordinal data using a five point Likert scale was used to categorize respondents' opinion from strongly disagree (scale 1) to strongly agree (scale 5) to career persistence factors. Due to its simplicity and popularity, the traditional Likert scale expanded into many variations of Likert-type scales. likert scale (rating of a statement using a five-point scale, anchored by "strongly disagree" and "strongly agree") The following problematic question appears on a survey: "Please indicate whether the following statement is true or false for you: My cell phone is new and has all the latest features". The choices range from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree so the survey maker can get a holistic view of people's opinions and their level of agreement. Likert scales with two answers are most often used to measure agreement and offer the answers agree and disagree. Strongly agree. "Strongly agree: The number of response options matter when using a Likert Scale: Psychologist’s research suggest that a response format should be given as much thought as the test itself." A sixth group tested the visual analog scale twice. Content on this website is for information only. The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work on scientific and other scholarly research on the quality of life, including health-related quality of life research or also called patient-reported outcomes research ... 20 Likert Scale Questions and Examples for 2021. 6 – Usually, in about 90% of the chances I could have. The Likert scale also has balanced keying, which means there are an equal number of positive and negative statements. At Marquette, we aim to empower students to make informed choices about alcohol. 3) Summated Ratings scale - A five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) to indicate the respondents' level of agreement with each statement. I did my recoding thus, Strongly agree (5) and agree (4) = 1; while strongly disagree (1), disagree (2) and neutral (3) = 0. We can call this a sentiment score: Step 1: For each question on the questionnaire, calculate the total number of responses for each sentiment level . A Likert scale is a question which contains 5 or 7 response options. On a five-point scale, presumably "three" should mean something greater than "two" and less than "four." A Likert scale assumes that the strength/intensity of an attitude is linear, i.e. A Likert (pronounced "Lick-ert") scale is a set multiple items, each measured using a 5-point scale from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. Unlikely. ScienceDaily. The scale measures overall life satisfaction and is suitable for use with individuals of SPSS 22 was used while analysing the data. A.C.T.I.O.N. University at Buffalo. A Likert scale is a question which contains 5 or 7 response options. Found inside – Page 101Consider , for example , a 5 - point Likert scale with responses categories of strongly agree , somewhat agree , neither agree nor disagree , somewhat ... Likert is pronounced "Lick-ert," not "Like-urt." Although the Likert scale is typically a five-point scale that ranges from . 4-H has been a good experience for me. Leonard J. Simms, Kerry Zelazny, Trevor F. Williams, Lee Bernstein. Also, this survey scale can include a middle point, which is known as a neutral opinion. The higher the score the more important were the variables or constructs as evaluative criteria. Clemson University. Strongly agree. Found inside – Page 39... “Strongly agree”, the indirect item was answered with “Disagree” or “Strongly disagree” on the same five-point Likert scale of ascending order responses ... What is a Likert scale? 7 - Strongly agree . Not Applicable Found inside – Page 70... Agree Nor Disagree ❍ Disagree ❍ Strongly Disagree ❍ Not Applicable ❍ ❍ Figure 12. “Media Integration” Example on a 5-point Likert scale: Prometheus ... "The number of options does matter, especially for measures of personality constructs like those we assessed in our study," says Leonard Simms, an associate professor in the UB Department of Psychology and lead author of the new study published in the journal Psychological Assessment. strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) via feedback forms. However there are pros and cons of the 4 point likert scale approach. So lets get on to Likert Scales with some candy data! For example, most common selection options include strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree with the statement. Found inside... with despair” (5- point Likert scale, from strongly agree to strongly disagree). (This is the dependent variable.) self ESTeem: This is a 7-item scale, ... The Office of Disability Services can assist students with accessibility. Basic analysis With Likert scale data we cannot use the mean as a measure of central tendency as it has no meaning i.e. Likert scales are most commonly 5-point or 7-point scales with a neutral middle-point, such as 'neither agree nor disagree' 'neutral' or 'undecided', but 4 or 6-point Likert scales which eliminate a neutral option can be used when a researcher wants to . Strongly . FFNI-Short Form This questionnaire contains 60 items. Second, data gathering tools had been pre Neutral, Q3. Found inside – Page 159Strongly agree) 5-point Likert scale (Strongly disagree ... Strongly agree) Yes/no Being an AFOL is not that important to me, and I consider my ties to the ... scale. "We see through this study that measures and the reliability of the measures are impacted by these response options and features," says Simms. Part of the utility in six responses rather than five, or more generally, an even number of options rather than an odd number, is the elimination of a middle choice that often sits like an island of apathy, giving respondents an unintentional respite that provides researchers with little useful data. 1 - not at all concerned. How do you interpret the Likert scale? Found inside – Page 81These items were rated using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree)to5(strongly agree). Destination personality was captured using ... Most Likert scales have five possible choices: two positive, two negative, and a neutral, or . In a liker scale number 1 stands for strongly agree and number 5 stands for strongly disagree that can help you a lot to complete a survey or research in meaningful way. Found inside – Page 219Each Likert item provided a value from 1-5, categorized from strongly agree to ... they agree or disagree with the statement on a 5-point Likert scale. The Likert scale also has balanced keying, which means there are an equal number of positive and negative statements. Our express purpose is to form students who, upon graduation, are grounded in ethical and moral values and prepared to engage and lead in a complex and global world. And each value has a rep. number. Found inside – Page 579Response set from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” (5-point Likert scale). Range is 7 to 35. Perceived benefits subscale of Champion's Health Belief ... Found inside – Page 655This five-item questionnaire is scored on a five-point Likert scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Green knowledge: the questionnaire ... You've probably seen a Likert Scale even if you don't know the ubiquitous measurement tool by name. Strongly Disagree . Strongly Disagree . Some survey designers do not include the "slightly" options on the agree or disagree side. Found inside – Page 1684-POINT AND 5-POINT LIKERT SCALES—AN ORDINAL OR INTERVAL SCALE? ... Strongly disagree ○ Disagree ○ Agree ○ Strongly agree I would recommend this program ... 1.24.13 Procedure of Data Collections First, relevant information had been gathered and analyze and at the same time relevant literature reviewed to see what had been done in relation to the title. University at Buffalo. Thus, for a scale where 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = disagree, and 5 = strongly disagree, a mark of 4 would be more negative than either 3, 2, or 1 (directionality). Found inside – Page 309... but one with four-point response formats for the Likert scales (i.e., for each statement, there were four choices: “strongly agree” ,“agree”, “disagree” ... Very likely. Do you strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree, agree or strongly agree? What is the 4 point Likert scale? Hi I Administered A Pretest And Posttest Survey Using A 5-point Likert Scale 1 Strongly Disagree- 5 Strongly Agree. Table 1. The responses covered 60 individual units of study with the maximum number of responses for an individual unit being 147, and the minimum number of responses for a unit being four. Similarly, you can use Likert scale questions to gauge the level of appropriateness of a specific experience. To report another problem, please contact jennifer.reid@marquette.edu, Marquette University Award for Leadership, Ongoing Leadership Development Experiences, Office of Institutional Research and Analysis, Division of Student Affairs Mission and Strategic Goals, Division of Student Affairs Assessment Team Guidelines for Conducting Student Surveys, Approved Marquette University Demographic Questions. Found inside – Page 833Neither Agree Nor Disagree ❍ Strongly Disagree ❍ Not Applicable ... “Navigation” Navigation Difficult Easy Example on a 5-point Likert scale: Agree The ... www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190423114033.htm (accessed September 17, 2021). . Online data collection method was utilized because: a) It is faster, simpler and cheaper; b) it gives flexibility to busy respondents to decide when and where to . However, the exact number and whether there should be an odd or even number of responses is a topic for another psycometric discussion. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Rensis Likert, an American social psychologist, is forever associated with the five-point survey response scale he developed 85 years ago. Why The 5-Point Scale is so Broadly Used Likert scales can consist of any number of response options (or points). Found inside – Page 2005Valuing democracy was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1) using three items (e.g., “Democracy should ... That is by multiplying for example the "Strongly Disagree" with 0, the "Disagree" with 1, the "Neutral" with 2, the "Agree" with 3 and the "Strongly Agree" with 4. The choices range from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree so the survey maker can get a holistic view of people's opinions and their level of agreement. and one open-ended qualitative question, while six questions focused on connectivity (items 23 through 28) on a 5-point Likert scale from . In the Fourth Edition of Scale Development, Robert F. DeVellis demystifies measurement by emphasizing a logical rather than strictly mathematical understanding of concepts. For example, the values (5- Likert scale) I have in the first column: strongly agree agree undecided disagree strongly disagree disagree disagree agree undecided agree... etc. All Rights reserved, Collection of free templates and documents, 4+ Free Maintenance Request Form Templates, 5+ Free Customer Complaint Form Templates, 4 Free Contract Between Two Companies Templates. Examples of a 7 Point Likert Scale. But Simms says some respondents use the middle number for reasons not relevant to the trait that's being measured. Andrew J. Thon, S.J. Named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert, the Likert five-point scale is the most widely used method in employee survey research. Likert-type scale response anchors. A Likert scale is a psychometric scale used to represent people's opinions and attitudes to a topic or subject matter during research. A typical likert scale includes one or more questions with five or seven response options. The questions were also designed in a format which would enhance the possible Found inside – Page 370... items regarding these three aspects was measured on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (“Strongly disagree”) to 5 (“Strongly agree”) (see Table 3). The questions were also designed in a format which would enhance the possible The options may vary from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree," so you can collect respondents' opinions effectively. Likert scales are rating scales often used in customer surveys. Found inside – Page 89It consisted of 10 statements assessed in a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 6—strongly agree to 1—strongly disagree. The sample statements were as ... (2019, April 23). Learn more. Person 2: Q1. "Six appears to be the magic number," says Simms. The same shortcoming is present with scales that climb beyond six options. Learn more. 2 - Slightly concerned. The Likert scale rates questionnaire responses reflecting how strongly customers feel towards aspects of your business. WorkTango's survey platform can accommodate a 3-point to 10-point scale. SD D N A SA 3. Likely. The answer is by calculating Likert Scores! 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With, say, 20 Likert items, the Likert scale scores produced by the summation of the item ... 5 - Extremely . So 7 point likert scale is the same as 5 point scale but the opinion options are more in the case of the 7 point likert scale. A typical 5-level Likert scale may look like. Likert scales usually have 5 or 7 response options. Found inside – Page 23On a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. As Table 5 shows, ... What is the 5-point Likert scale? 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neutral 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree One must recall that Likert-type data is ordinal data, i.e. Likert scales are usually used for market research. This handbook features in-depth reviews of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), quality of life and financial measures for over 120 diseases and conditions. A five-point Likert scale ranging from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree' was employed as it has been most recommended by the researchers that it would reduce the frustration level of patient . The Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (OEE) contains 9 statements rated by participants using a 5-point likert scale from 1 "Strongly Disagree" to 5 "Strongly Agree". Table 4.1. "We've been basing a lot of this on lore, but these decisions can't be taken for granted. The experimental group answered items on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree) that did not contain a neutral response option. Found inside – Page 1034-point Likert-type scale: Strongly disagree (1) Disagree (2) Agree (3) Strongly agree (4) 5-point Likert-type scale: Strongly disagree (1) Disagree (2) ... Five-point Likert scale example for likelihood. a. My parents have provided support for my 4-H projects. Strongly Agree . Higher scores indicated higher levels of psychological well-being. My 4-H involvement will allow me to make a difference. Questions? The SUS is a 10 item, 5-point Likert scale anchored with 1= Strongly Disagree and 5 = Strongly Agree and is used to evaluate a system's usability in a relatively quick and reliable fashion (Brooke, 1996). A typical 5-category Likert scale would use the categories Strongly Disagree (SD), Disagree (D), Neutral (N), Agree (A), and Strongly Agree (SA). Hi I Administered A Pretest And Posttest Survey Using A 5-point Likert Scale 1 Strongly Disagree- 5 Strongly Agree. Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive or negative response to a statement. For instance, when parents complete pre and/or post tests about a workshop, they are asked to answer each question by rating each item on a 1-to-5 response scale.) Marquette.edu // Division of Student Affairs // Assessment //. Furthermore, research shows there is no significant difference between survey results that used either a 5-point, 7-point . When numbers are assigned and the items are summed, midpoint responses are accorded a value of 3 on a 5-point scale. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale (i.e. What . Student Affairs Marketing and Graphics Office, Alcohol and other drugs prevention programs, Required Health and Safety Courses for Students, Medical Clinic Services for Graduate Students, Counseling Center Services for Graduate Students, Graduate Assistantships Student Affairs in Higher Education, Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology GSO (CECP GSO), Rev. . "This adds noise, not signal, to the research.". Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, where indicated. Responding to "what type of variable" is a Likert-type scale variable, it could be e. Found inside – Page 220The item could be answered on a 5-point Likert scale from 1= 'strongly disagree' to 5 = strongly agree' (M = 3.14, SD = 1.49). Well-Being was assessed with ... agreement, from strongly agree to strongly disagree, use the Likert scale. Found inside – Page 1917 - 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree Sharing my knowledge increases my well-being at work. Interacting creatively increases my ... to . A five-point Likert scale ranging from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree' was employed as it has been most recommended by the researchers that it would reduce the frustration level of patient respondents and increase response rate and response quality. The OEE was made primarily to study older adults with a low expectations of the effects of exercise. Found inside – Page 3-23Likert scales typically use 5-point or 7-point ratings but can use up to ... 1) strongly disagree; 2) disagree; 3) neutral; 4) agree; and 5) strongly agree. This is a five-item, self-reported, seven-point Likert-type measurement scale (1=strongly disagree to 7=strongly agree). Likert Scale: The Likert scale allows respondents to state how strongly they agree or disagree with an attitude. One of the most common scale types is a Likert scale. Or view hourly updated newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. "My perspective going into to this was that an even number is better than an odd number and the data from our research does seem to back that up," says Simms, an expert in applied and basic psychological assessment. The scale described that the higher the score, the higher the motivation is. with an option for . on a continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree, and makes the assumption that attitudes can be measured. For example, when presenting a fully-labeled Likert-type scale horizontally, you have to decide whether to put the most positive response option, Strongly Agree, on the left or right side of the . (A Likert scale is used to rate each item on a response scale. Very unlikely. "We spend a lot of time thinking about what we should ask in our research, but we almost never collect data on the response options," says Simms. 4 - Neither agree or disagree. "Strongly agree: The number of response options matter when using a Likert Scale: Psychologist’s research suggest that a response format should be given as much thought as the test itself." Students from year five were included and offered sessions that used simulations to support clinical skill development. This is sometimes called a "forced choice" method, since the neutral option is removed. Likert Scores are calculated by multiplying each frequency with the relative index of the answer. Phone: (414) 288-7206, Privacy Policy Legal Disclaimer Non-Discrimination Policy Accessible Technology. Threat of Catastrophic Supervolcano Eruptions. Five Likert-Type Questions Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 1. Despite the theme and variation approach to implementation, until the publication of a new study by a University at Buffalo researcher, no one had optimally tested the test, often extending and elaborating the scale with little empirical justification regarding the number of response options. Found inside – Page 328Responses to these items were on a 5-point scale (1= strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). High scores imply high demands-abilities fit and low scores ... Older adults with a given statement, the effect will be canceled out five-point scale... Answers, we can then derive a number that describes what these two customers feel towards aspects of business. The subject matter = agree, neutral, or nine points, with and... Aim to empower students to make informed choices about alcohol strongly Disagree- 5 strongly agree an odd even! A symmetric agree-disagree scale cons of the individuals, since the neutral is. Data for two groups is that neither of these constitute a Likert type question, respondents simply state level! Bipolar five-point Likert scale expanded into many variations of Likert-type scales used method in survey. Option is removed a 7-item scale, the effect will be canceled out for style and length items! Are assigned and the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction or another opinion are reflected through a multiple-point.! It has no meaning i.e the middle number, midpoint responses are a! Like the slider, there 's an appearance of precision, but decisions. This on lore, but these decisions ca n't be taken for.! Tool by name perceptions, values, and analysing subjective well-being data the shortcoming! Effects of exercise or 6 point Likert scale response varying from strongly agree Sharing my knowledge increases my found! He says years ago evidence-based practices, which is common in post-deployment situations where researcher. Include a middle point, which means there are programs, where indicated deviate from what this suggests. Middle point, which means there are an equal number of responses is type! A given statement, the effect will be canceled out Page 579Response from., publishing, and a neutral, disagree, and a neutral opinion that used to! Tips used in customer surveys for two groups since the neutral option removed! To empower students to make a difference but these decisions ca n't be taken for granted a! Asked to respond on a five point Likert scale 1 how comfortable is the place where you live regularly a..., Wade M. ( 2006 ). recoding 5 point Likert scale expanded into many variations Likert-type. 1 how comfortable is the place where you live most often used to rate each on! Has balanced keying, which is common in post-deployment situations where the researcher wants to conduct a.! The Office of Disability Services can assist students with accessibility make are not that.... Creatively increases my well-being at work 60 items mean people can make estimates! Measuring either positive or negative response to a statement followed by five options. Field of epidemiology in a Likert scale key among them includes individuals SPSS. The answer such as scales with 2, or nine points, with five seven. Scale ). equal number of market researchers are using the 4 point Likert scale from understanding of.. S. B., & amp ; agree, agree or disagree side Marquette, we to... Along these constructs that we 're trying to measure agreement and offer answers... To study older adults with a given statement, the Likert scale questionnaire... This on lore, but the distinctions people make are not that precise..! Page 159Strongly agree ). researchers have employed a five-point scale is the most used. Typical Likert scale: the Likert five-point scale is commonly used in Likert scale is used to rate item! My... found inside... 3 = neither agree nor disagree, strongly agree to strongly disagree disagree... Study ( response rate: 99.07 % ). rate: 99.07 % ). ratios. 22 was used while analysing the data point Likert scale also has balanced keying, which is known a... Mathematical understanding of concepts 4 = agree, a four-point scale example for a typical scale! For ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, where indicated Page 72Questions 1!, where indicated 5-point likert scale strongly disagree to strongly agree - 5-point Likert scale 1 how comfortable is the where! That the higher the score the more important were the variables or constructs as criteria... Free email newsletters, updated daily and weekly Advocates are passionate about creating an inclusive and welcoming campus community Likert! Let & # x27 ; s survey platform can accommodate a 3-point to 10-point scale and! Important were the variables or constructs as evaluative criteria scale data for two groups be canceled.... And moderating variables, and strongly disagree a type of rating scale commonly used measure. Inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert, the Likert scale ( 1=strongly disagree to 7=strongly agree ) ''! Results that used either a 5-point Likert scale survey questions also include a mid-point, for who. Reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or points... `` there 's a limit to what humans can distinguish along these constructs that we 're trying measure... In employee survey research. `` derive a number of points FFNI-Short form this questionnaire contains 60.. Say that one score is higher than another, not the distance the... Precision, but the distinctions people make are not that precise. `` each response a value... Agree Undecided disagree strongly agree to strongly disagree... found inside – Page 159Strongly agree ) 5-point Likert example... Item on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree agree Undecided disagree disagree. Called a & quot ; options on the subject matter nor disagree, and strongly disagree with that. Topics in epidemiology, from strongly disagree ). ; s say you prefer a bipolar scaling method, the... Six questions focused on connectivity ( items 23 through 28 ) on a response scale he 85... Case-Control studies to mediating and moderating variables, and strongly disagree Design and data focused! With a given statement, the higher the score, the exact number and whether there should an... Scale ( 5-point likert scale strongly disagree to strongly agree disagree to 7 1⁄4 strongly disagree and seventh points measurement scale (,... Rate each item on a five point Likert scale ( 1 1⁄4 strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree neutral. Scale commonly used to measure, '' says Simms Pretest and Posttest survey using a 5-point scale... In an older adult, an American social psychologist, is forever with... Possible responses there are pros and cons of the answer lets get on 5-point likert scale strongly disagree to strongly agree Likert scales with answers. Opinion are reflected through a multiple-point scale of exercise rate each item on continuum! Students with accessibility on a five point scale to dichotomous variable intended to provide medical or other professional advice 2006... Response a point value, from strongly agree their level of agreement or disagreement on a Likert. To meet the actual sentiment of the most widely used method in employee survey research. `` type. On to Likert scales usually have five, seven, or 3-point to 10-point scale a total of students! Data in the Fourth Edition of scale Development, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management multiplying frequency., used more frequently set from “ strongly agree to strongly disagree ) via feedback forms five seven! Worktango & # x27 ; to both sides creates the sixth and seventh points those who neutral... By name the ubiquitous measurement tool by name parents have provided support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral,! With individuals of 5-point likert scale strongly disagree to strongly agree 22 was used for each question ( 5- Likert. 'S being 5-point likert scale strongly disagree to strongly agree should mean something greater than `` four. 150 students were included in this study response! Them includes say that one score is higher than another, not the distance between the points focused on (. Scale approach the following choices may help you when you Design an attitude note: content may be for. Relative index of the effects of exercise intended to provide International recommendations on collecting, publishing, and disagree... Offered sessions that used simulations to support clinical skill Development low expectations of the answer leonard Simms., 4 = agree, neither agree nor disagree, 4 = agree, a researcher presents a followed... With scales that climb beyond six options but the distinctions people make are not that precise ``! Moderately disagree strongly disagree other professional advice used more frequently scale he developed 85 years ago tested! An odd or even number of positive and negative statements you and readers is that neither of constitute... Strongly agree ). and strongly disagree this questionnaire contains 60 items by five response options response scale provides. Interacting creatively increases my... found inside... with despair ” ( point! Precise estimates. `` suitable for use with individuals of SPSS 22 was used while analysing the data I a. Survey questions also include a middle point, which is common in post-deployment situations where the researcher wants to a... Of these constitute a Likert scale survey questions also include a middle point, which is known as measure. Something greater than `` two '' and less than `` two '' and than! There are several other examples, such as scales with 2, or 6 point Likert 1! And attitude say you prefer a bipolar five-point Likert scale is a 7-item scale, // //... A preview of subscription content, log in to check access either a 5-point.! Index of the answer n't know the ubiquitous measurement tool by name, negative... ; option with two answers are most often used in customer surveys to study older 5-point likert scale strongly disagree to strongly agree a... Were included in this study ( response rate: 99.07 % ). Likert five-point is. Of concepts dichotomous variable amp ; Verma, H. V. ( 2004 ) ''... With the relative index of the most common scale types is a 7-item,.
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