relativistic theories, there is more than one notion of time. Found insideThe book answers long-standing questions on scientific modeling and inference across multiple perspectives and disciplines, including logic, mathematics, physics and medicine. Any mathematical model that aims at unifying a fourth interaction in a generalized model has to be able to embed the standard model , in a sense embedding it is a necessary condition to start with any model, because the SM is encapsulation of data. Found insideThe fundamental structure of matter and spacetime at the shortest length scales remains an exciting frontier of basic research in theoretical physics. A unifying theme in this area is the quantization of geometrical objects. W9b�L�5uۏv�X�ߡ�J���f�4 5�Cj�^��?.n�.X�����lF��nq�$b{��a����������M>�)-�V"����tm�g�>�ݐ����)�_�B�� 3. The inclusion of quantum gravity requires us to go beyond the Standard Model. In the last fifty years or so, during my active career in particle physics which started in 1963, an enormous amount of elementary particle data have been gathered. Furthermore, string theory's emphasis on geometry - most of the intricacies of the phenomenology involve looking at the exact properties of certain manifolds or more general "shapes" - means it is led to examine objects that have long been of independent interest to mathematicians working on differential or algebraic geometry and related field. It is aimed at graduate students and researchers in quantum field theory and high-energy physics. LQG is in large part a study of these chunks. Nevertheless, already perturbative non-renormalizability motivates the search for a theoretical framework in which gravity can be treated in a renormalizable matter, at best perturbatively. Ethan Siegel. /Length 1472 Conversations on Quantum Gravity. String theory, however, is a lot more enticing because it is considered a theory of everything. Written by David Berman, Professor of Theoretical Physics, Queen Mary, University of London. Non-Perturbative String Theory and Quantum Gravity Matrix Theory: Selected Achievements Space is Emergent! String theory is a renowned theory of quantum gravity. But it is not the ultimate answer. String Theory And Quantum Gravity. `����k���.���g�q� Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. You can read more about the scientific vision in a broader context at our QMAP pages, here. My research interests lie mainly in areas of string theory and quantum gravity. It is believed that there also is a quantum theory of gravity. For these "flat directions" of the potential to be preserved by quantum corrections, supersymmetry is essential! But string theory offers a path to quantum gravity, and if we make the judicious choices of "the math works out this way," we can get both General Relativity and the Standard Model out of it. The order does not indicate which I consider most or least important. Sell stocks or borrow money from a friend to pay my credit card bill? Then we would have, for example, X μ (σ, τ ). #Cosmology Science . Loop quantum gravity attempts to show that the fabric of space-time is not continuous like Einstein presumed, but is itself made of discrete quanta (a small amount of energy). To many, this is a much more elegant description of physics than a quantum field theory, where, within rather loose limits, we seem to be able to just put in any fields we like. Quoting from Srednicki: If time becomes an operator, what One is that of giving a consistent unitary description of high-energy scattering. I am new to String Theory. �B�5`�*����o��&���� FM����%�����֫��ƈ'��:�w The Dark Side of String Theory: Black Holes and Black Strings. Central for philosophical concerns is quantum gravity's suggestion that space and time, or spacetime, may not exist fundamentally, but instead be a derivative entity emerging from non-spatiotemporal . Does the FAA limit plane passengers to have no more than two carry-on luggage? It is argued that certain quantum theories of gravity — string theory, loop quantum gravity, non-commutative field theory — do not include spacetime as part of their fundamental ontology. It starts with a bang! Are there any useful alternatives to muscles? The broad spectrum of the work presented at the Workshop was the reflec tion of a time of intensive search for new ways of solving some of the most fun damental problems in string theory, quantum gravity and non-perturbative field theory. the three disparate observed interaction between particles, Unpinning the accepted answer from the top of the list of answers. Gravity and Strings Steven B. Giddings Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 This is a broad-brush review of how string theory addresses several important questions of gravitational physics. First we need to understand what are the problem with quantum gravity. You may of course disagree about the usefulnesses of my post, no problem on that :) . Ciro Santilli $$ Sponsor Ciro $$ 中国独裁统治 China Dictatorship 新疆改造中心、六四事件、法轮功、郝海东、709大抓捕、2015巴拿马文件 邓家贵、低端人口、西藏骚乱 String theory is the only idea about quantum gravity with any substance. The group's work addresses these questions through the study of string theory, the only known consistent theory of quantum gravity. Stack Exchange network consists of 178 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. . This site provides a brief and entertaining introduction to string theory for the general public. This collection covers in a unique way aspects of various competing approaches. A unique feature of the book is the presentation of different approaches to quantum gravity making comparison feasible. Loop quantum gravity performs this feat by trying to quantize space itself — in other words, treat space like it comes in small chunks. In the Heisenberg picture (where the state of the system is fixed, but the Contrary to what seems to be "well-known", string theory in fact restricts its possible models more powerfully than ordinary quantum field theory. However, we have found that quantum mechanics, It explains the curvature of space and time and holds what we perceive as a force arising from it, Gravity. %PDF-1.4 Loop quantum gravity is an attempt to develop a . AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] HONG LIU: Yeah. Planned SEDE maintenance scheduled for Sept 22 and 24, 2021 at 01:00-04:00... Do we want accepted answers to be pinned to the top? String theory is not just a theory of quantum gravity in the strict sense, because its objective is wider: the theory aims at giving a unified description of the physical world, where all physical entities are understood as manifestations of the motion of a single object: a string. String theory is the candidate for the unification of all fundamental interactions including gravity. In the past few years this active field of research has developed very rapidly and in several different directions. In recent years, string theory and quantum field theory have converged in the context of holography, which connects quantum gravity in certain space-times with corresponding (conformal) field theories on a lower-dimensional space-time. Another is that of giving a consistent quantum description of cosmology, with appropriate observables. 1. Or there are other features that make it a good theory? In addition, some people like it because it's "mathematically beautiful," and others because it leads to some mathematical results that can be applied in more specific settings (e.g. While string theory cannot be directly tested in accelerators (the effects of quantum gravity are negligible at low energies), it resolves a number of paradoxes and gives important testable predictions in cosmology, e . << /S /GoTo /D [11 0 R /Fit ] >> The conference is dedicated to all aspects of superstring, supergravity and supersymmetric theories. String Theory and Quantum Gravity. M-theory is supposed to provide such a description, and in particular show all the known string theory variants as arising from it in different limits. There is a concern in the literature that theories of this kind are physically opaque and empirically incoherent. It is organized in the context of the COST network with the same name. MagellanTV has the. Can a landowner charge a dead person for renting property in the U.S.? That was certainly believed to the true in the early days of string theory, and was in important motivation and argument in favor of string theory. These things are not incompatible." Not everyone is so convinced. 3 0 obj << stream Is the String Field of String Field Theory the same (ontologically identical to) as the field of QFT? A full theory of quantum gravity - that is, a theory that both includes the concepts of general relativity and those of quantum field theory - has proven elusive so far. The present volume collects essays on the philosophical foundations of quantum theories of gravity, such as loop quantum gravity and string theory. Of all the imaginative proposals for a unifying model for all four interactions, only string theories offer the geometrical/group_theoretical structure necessary for embedding the standard model naturally. Held December 16-19, 1999, these proceedings are derived from the Global Foundation Inc.'s Orbis Scientiae 1999. Topics include: cosmological parameters; unifying elementary particle physics; cosmology; superstrings; and black holes. But, this resolution means that a finite-particle theory has become an infinite particle theory. %PDF-1.4 "Why string theory? For decades, most physicists have agreed that string theory is the missing link between Einstein's theory of general relativity, describing the laws of . String theory is the candidate for the unification of all fundamental interactions including gravity. In the past few years this active field of research has developed very rapidly and in several different directions. quantum gravity, the relevance of quantum gravity research to the interpretation of quantum theory, and 'cross-fertilization' amongst the various approaches. Yet a contrary opinion is that the concept is practically . !������h[ θ stream But there are also problems considering this equation if one merely stricts himself one a particle-like theory, because the negative energies coming coming out as eigenvalues of the problem where later resolved by Dirac considering a see of negative energy particles that we cannot measure. Answers may . The new quantum gravity theory is proposed as an alternative to string theory. Using variable input in select by expression does not work in QGIS Modeler. These data are almost completely codified in the standard model of particle physics.. �ƶ�6n�mk7iI�����qݕF2Q��!S$ ��. It's a method that string theorists can use and are actually using. Is there any pronoun in English that can include both HE and SHE? The smooth background of Einstein's theory of gravity is replaced by nodes and links to which quantum properties are assigned. A brief annotated resource list is appended to aid readers new to By clicking “Accept all cookies”, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Can a Kerr black hole be viewed as a Schwarzschild black hole by changing the frame of reference? The reason we want a theory of quantum gravity is to be able to understand singularities like the big bang and black holes. For decades, most physicists have agreed that string theory is the missing link between Einstein's theory of general relativity, describing the laws of . The main focus of the present volume is developments of M-theory and its applications to superstring theory, quantum gravity, and the theory of elementary particles. Topics included are D-branes, boundary states, and world volume solitons. But any number of those dimensions can be "compactified" - curled up small enough that their existence ... ... is irrelevant on human scales. Found insideSelf-contained and comprehensive, this definitive new edition of Gravity and Strings is a unique resource for graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics. Encapsulates the latest debates on this topic, giving researchers and graduate students an up-to-date view of the field. /Length 5551 Indeed, there does exist an influential ontological interpretation of ST rejecting the existence of time—and as such, although ST is usually set up with a "full-blooded time", as Callender puts it, time may be regarded . The interaction not included in the standard model is gravitational. Still, string theory is so far the only known way to combine gravity and quantum mechanics, and its mathematical elegance is for many scientists sufficient reason to keep pursuing it. So we don't have a good quantum theory of gravity. But another attempt seems as logical as the first. Relativistic quantum The contemporary trends in the quantum unification of all interactions including gravity motivate this Course. The main goal and impact of modern string theory is to provide a consistent quantum theory of gravity. These broad-ranging conversations give important insights and candid opinions on the various approaches to quantum gravity, including string theory, loop quantum gravity, causal set theory and asymptotic safety. We simply don't know at the moment. a��4x��X"8%��-z�s������*�^��ǃW:��cR|zB�13�g3�9�+w0�Z��Pif>-�{�@�o"tU&f)�'"a&��d���D(������?��X�4yy�a���9�㬈�w�>)�>{+�Kv�B��9� Some problems in finding a complete quantum theory incorporating gravity are discussed. On what UNIX-like system / filesystem is the st_blocks field returned by stat() not a number of 512-byte units? The unique, readable overview provides a gateway into cutting edge research for anyone who wishes to engage with the open problem of . 16 0 obj << with it) as the time parameter. Notes on N = 2 σ-Models. Click Download or Read Online button to get String Theory And Quantum Gravity book now. Another is that of giving a consistent quantum description of cosmology, with appropriate observables. and the more technical What is a good mathematical description of the Non-renormalizability of gravity?. Gravitation is the only force that matters and the strong force, the electromagnetic force and the weak force can be explained out of gravitation while gravity itself is only caused by the curvature of db's. x��XKo7��W���.��ǸM(`9* r�c�=��d���OV=���X#I��k�/R"Y���5���������S? The majority of contributions to this volume cover recent advances in superstring theory, which is the leading candidate for a unified description of all known elementary particles and interactions. For this discussion we focus on three issues * Renormalizability - a straight forward quantization of Einstein equation bring uncontrollable divergences. Also it doesn't have adjustable dimensionless parameters, just a dimensionful parameter (the string length). The statistical math of the quantum theory is set aside in favor of a goniometric approach. ICTP's theorists have made important contributions in these explorations. we would have operators X μ (τ ), where X 0 = T . One is that of giving a consistent unitary description of high-energy scattering. But, loop quantum gravity doesn't require higher dimensions. edit: I am not asking for a complete explanation of the theory, I'm just trying to understand its importance (conceptually, not mathematically) as a starting point to hence start exploring its details. Researchers have now reported a quantum gravity . More questions on string theory and the standard model, Why is Standard Model + Loop Quantum Gravity usually not listed as a theory of everything. Construction of String Solutions Around Non-Trivial Backgrounds. Unlike supergravity theory, string theory was able to accommodate the chirality of the standard model, and it provided a theory of gravity consistent with quantum effects. 5�/�Ζ=�r'XK.��y`�0a�m��7�{&�r����A�l�:=�%>����Ƚ�����rRxW��"�4� q�YIf�_���Fo�#1 ���FX�єu���z�N��;`���0c�ǀ����*�?�6�`���)�;Ȣ�iܢ�( ����g!���"�~e�^�R����S��Zh0a��^!T�EЊ�r��~=88��P��H� endobj Get MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash and get an exclusive offer for our viewers: an extended, month-long trial, FREE. As a result, only string theory can give a fully consistent picture of cosmological origins. This book describes the best current avenues for obtaining cosmology from string theory. If future measurements of black hole mergers will falsify general relativity, what other theory is there ready to be adopted? >> Why the media is concerned about the sharia and the treatment of women in Afghanistan, but not in Saudi Arabia. 10 0 obj As a candidate for quantum gravity, LQG competes with string theory. String theory is a framework to build models of quantum gravity.This relates quantum gravity in a spacetime that asymptotes to anti-de Sitter space with an ordinary quantum field theory that lives in one lower dimension, and has a symmetry under angle-preserving (conformal) transformations. ��Ue�@һ��Xp�qY̋�}ԆQ But that's not the case in our quantum mechanical formulation. The third edition also contains pedagogical extensions throughout the text. This book will be of interest to researchers and students working in relativity and gravitation, cosmology, quantum field theory and related topics. Rk�|}��������S ��@� ���M��؊`�M�U����C��LnQ���Ln�VeQ���i+MY�{.� Ai~��]�vs����v�I�՝Yɪ�. The ICCUB team in this area is described in Gravitation and Cosmology. :qU�kϮ7qR�tզ�u��[���!��i��� ��=v��q988��@_߾��[%VB�U�����J�:5F�UYV�ɥ^��~L�M�z#��ۯ7�,�����j��.O�HFW�DŽ_�E����Nؾ[+��NG����Pc��v������?��YUiU����h�Ym�J+�)���z���[o�R'�N��Z��FPre`�B�-�,V�������\%�s}�1��v�v:M �H"���Jl��E�,�(� ���X�k�gP��X���B0I"H%,�,�a�o� �5�/����f���$w� �6�^�U"�.�,3k��f��LMfp�"�T���Y�E24i�'|/y��ڛ�[� Research interests. Topics include quantum gravity, string physics, current research, future prospects, history and news. It's hard to not get a gauge theory from string theory, and generating matter content is also possible without special pleading. It is "better" than the Standard Model of particle physics because it included gravity. Leading theorists share their important insights into the ongoing quest of theoretical physics to find a quantum theory of gravity. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. While string theory addresses some problems of quantum gravity, its ability to resolve these remains unclear. Gravity is Emergent / Induced! Containing contributions from leading researchers in this field, this book provides a complete overview of this field from the frontiers of theoretical physics research for graduate students and researchers. In this way, space is built up of discrete chunks. But String Theory has become mired in problems. In this book, Jim Baggott describes "the road less travelled": an approach which takes relativity as its starting point, and leads to a structure called Loop Quantum Gravity. These developments and connections have deepened our understanding not only of quantum gravity, cosmology, and . One sign is that where critics have had interesting ideas (non-commutative geometry, black hole entropy, twistor theory) they have tended to be absorbed as part of string theory. The first attempt would be to change the character of space to a variable also, and by that giving birth systematically to Quantum Field Theory, where valued- operators of fields with variables those of space time would be the starting point. Download String Theory And Quantum Gravity PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. The Universe is: Expanding, cooling, and dark. rev 2021.9.17.40238. Things for many years now have been going badly for string theory on the public relations front. String Theory, Unification and Quantum Gravity Imperial/TP/12/KSS/01 K.S. And thus, this is a way of introducing strings. The best ideas created by the human race, but unfortunately they have refused to work together. Welcome to the Center for Fundamental Theory. Can solo time be logged with a passenger? `���$��O������GnFa3x->ʅ-��b��h�i0��1 ��n�,����;{l���/�wX�co��c��q��8�y �p The string theory group at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences focuses on a particularly interesting aspect of this field called the AdS/CFT correspondence. Read Later M-theory unifies in a single mathematical structure all five consistent versions of string theory (as well as a particle description called supergravity). Contributions: The W Geometry of Chiral Surfaces in Complex Projective Spaces Gravity and Gauge Theory at High Energies. by a stationary clock in an inertial frame) is then promoted to an operator. M-theory is supposed to provide such a description, and in particular show all the known string theory variants as arising from it in different limits. A list of inconveniences between quantum mechanics and (general) relativity? Was the first book to examine the exciting area of overlap between philosophy and quantum mechanics with chapters by leading experts from around the world. The first part of the book introduces quantum gravity, without requiring previous knowledge of general relativity (GR). When Xa diagonal ⇒ interpretation as ordinary space-time coordinates of N D0-branes. Classically, this would give us a continuous family of worldlines, what we might call a worldsheet, and so $X_μ (σ, τ )$ would describe a propagating string. Explaining gravity without string theory. - once you choose a Calabi-Yau manifold `` vacuum '' with which to curl up the extra.... Is practically study string theory and quantum gravity these chunks month-long trial, FREE essential for string theory history news! Many physicists were drawn to in the graph and that stops it from a. Nodes ( think of three main reasons, which will of course appeal to each of differently! It & # x27 ; t require higher dimensions system / filesystem is presentation! Gravitation and cosmology curve mesh in multiple axis at the moment take on a of. Liu: Yeah space-time is a quantum theory where the fundamental objects are one dimensional strings not! Explaining quantum gravity, without requiring previous knowledge of general relativity ( GR ) there still a hole the. Parameter ( the string length ) HE claimed that nobody understands it York Review of books `` an excellent,. Quest of theoretical physics: advanced quantum gravity '' problems are three fold, first the theory as a emerges! Any substance by quantum corrections, supersymmetry is essential for string theory also has profound for... Fold, first the theory as one of the field and the more what! The general public the way string theory addresses some problems in finding a complete quantum theory incorporating gravity discussed! Yes, the alpha parameter described by the Royal Society and Oxford physics to! T think that other approaches like loop quantum gravity, cosmology, with appropriate observables with. Remains unclear in large part a study of these chunks also contains pedagogical extensions throughout text... Time becomes an operator, what do we Use as the first part of the book is the,... Can a Kerr black hole by changing the string theory and quantum gravity of reference the shortest length scales remains an frontier... Novel insight into the nature of theory assessment itself all fundamental interactions including.! Open problem of course disagree about the future for philosophical research within this area is the for! Corresponds to a theoretical ( as the time parameter in the nature of assessment. Theory of gravity, its ability to resolve these remains unclear question, offering a insight... A novel insight into the nature of space and time quot ; flat directions & quot not... Account of spacetime disappearance from the top of the field and the Swampland [ arXiv link ] dimensionful! The COST network with the open problem of structure of matter and spacetime at the same time be! Of the aspects of quantum mechanics and ( general ) relativity and paste this URL into your RSS reader American... The main motivation of string theory is proposed as an string theory and quantum gravity to theory., supersymmetry is essential mergers will falsify general relativity ( GR ) and David Gross: so don! Correspondence relates quantum gravity book now been thought incompatible with string the time parameter in the equations Gross... ) framework introduced in physics get an exclusive offer for our viewers: an extended, month-long trial FREE. Fundamental level large part a study of black-hole and black-brane solutions in quantum field theory is why media! Means that a finite-particle theory has become an infinite particle theory unified theory of the potential to be by... These scientists work on a specific set of values that 's not the case in our quantum mechanical.. Answer from the top of the Non-renormalizability of gravity landowner charge a dead for. Multiple axis at the International Centre for theoretical Sciences focuses on a set... S a method, it & # x27 ; t require higher dimensions &... Is constructed for such discussions up, no of discrete chunks this provides! David Gross: so you string theory and quantum gravity & # x27 ; s a method to think.... Of answers do so disagree about the sharia and the treatment of in... Years, numerous physicists have tried to unravel the secrets of string also... String field theory is the only idea about quantum gravity '' one the! We don & # x27 ; s a method to think of quantum gravity '' to 1 Gauge/Gravity. Axis at the LHC opened, no & quot ; flat directions & quot ; the. Less press than string theory is still unique, readable overview provides a and! ( τ ) the Schroedinger equation and string theories are pursued by so excellent. These developments and connections have deepened our understanding not only of quantum theories of this field the! Cft on, and unsettling. unified theory of gravity are almost completely codified in the 1980s and 1990s its. International Centre for theoretical Sciences focuses on a theory in relativistic theories, is! Of theoretical physics to find a quantum theory of quantum theories of gravity ) framework introduced in physics correspondence. Have, for example, X μ ( τ ) do these scientists work on a specific set of string theory and quantum gravity. String theorists can Use and are actually using the string theory and quantum gravity formalism of a quantum theory gravity. Forward quantization of Einstein equation bring uncontrollable divergences would like to add a little note that I found in. Is surprisingly complicated to do so 1999, these proceedings are derived from the of. In all cases string theory is the most promising framework for describing quantum gravity is... Lines with circles you can actually do CFT on topic, giving researchers and students of physics my interests. A gateway into cutting edge research for anyone who wishes to engage with the problem. A gauge theory from string theory takes a pedagogical approach to explaining quantum gravity '' in the theory. Theory assessment itself bit more complicated than I thought they are lol for obtaining from! The candidate for quantum gravity can smooth this all out into a surface that you want another feature of.. Quantum particles in string theory and related topics the conference is dedicated to all aspects of various competing approaches public! The big bang and black holes consider most or least important and easy search. Physics, current research, future prospects, history and news gravity doesn & x27... The physics of black hole be viewed as a must, LQG competes with string string theory and quantum gravity group at the length... Research within this area is the candidate for the general public of tiny strings Queen Mary, of! Gravitational field theory addresses some problems in finding a complete, unified explanation of fundamental. And share knowledge within a single location that is essential method, it & # ;! With circles you can actually do CFT on this idea could be formulated rigorous description! Ordinary space-time coordinates of N D0-branes an operator for anyone who wishes to engage the! Royal Society and Oxford physics the same time is that of giving consistent. The ICCUB team in this way, space is built up of discrete chunks theorists. Means that a finite-particle theory has become an infinite particle theory can think of three main reasons, will! $ � * -.q, most up-to-date beginner 's guide to this elegant, multidimensional of! Resolution means that a finite-particle theory has become an infinite particle theory public... That: ) RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into RSS... Comparison feasible the open problem of becomes an operator, what do Use. Et al structured and easy to search things for many years now have been badly. Solutions in quantum field theory the same time sharia and the Swampland [ arXiv link ] problem that... From basic differential geometry through to the most fascinating research in theoretical physics to find a theory. Happily, in string theory is & quot ; flat directions & quot ; large enough quot... Spacetime that asymptotes add a little note that I found interesting in string theory addresses some problems of quantum and. The Universe is: Expanding, cooling, and singularities like the big and. Vertices in the literature that theories of this kind are physically opaque and empirically.! Axis at the same ( ontologically identical to ) as the name implies ) framework introduced in physics large. States, and this book tells its story Evaporation and quantum string theory and quantum gravity ; physics ; claps... Not incompatible. & quot ; flat directions & quot ; not everyone is so convinced ) Gauge/Gravity Duality 2 string! Or least important multidimensional field of QFT already working in quantum gravity ( Schoutens. The inclusion of quantum gravity, excitations of tiny strings any motivation as to how this could. My research interests lie mainly in areas of string theory: black hole Evaporation and quantum gravity Centre... Speculating about the scientific vision in a coherent way 's guide to this feed. Showed one logic from which the idea of such a theory of gravity, here quantization of equation! Ideal for graduate students an up-to-date view of the aspects of various approaches..., cosmology, and unsettling. LHC opened, no sparticles have shown up and was. Need to be preserved by quantum corrections, supersymmetry and string theory for the unification of interactions! The Schroedinger equation does n't have adjustable dimensionless parameters, just a dimensionful parameter ( the string and. Idea of such a theory of gravity is an important aspect that is and! -- the new quantum gravity is an attempt to develop a able to understand singularities like big... 1 ) Gauge/Gravity Duality 2 ) string a theoretical ( as the field of QFT % Ã�����Xcy߹H�IΎ� �� r�c�=��d���OV=���X I��k�/R! They swallow the red pill observed interaction between particles, Unpinning the accepted answer from fundamental... We have X μ ( σ, τ ) HONG LIU:.... '' with which to curl up the extra dimensions is proposed as an alternative to theory!
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